Korean Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring , Korean Neurological Association , Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine , Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology , Korean Association of EMG Electrodiagnostic Medicine
Ann Clin Neurophysiol 2021;23(1):35-45. Published online April 29, 2021
The utility and accuracy of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has evolved greatly following the recent development of new devices for neurophysiological testing and advances in anesthesiology. Until recently, the need for IONM services has been limited to large academic hospitals, but the demand for neurophysiologists with expertise in IONM has grown rapidly across diverse types of hospital. The primary goal of the Korean Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (KSION) is to promote the development of IONM research groups and to contribute to the improvement of fellowship among members and human health through academic projects. These guidelines are based on extensive literature reviews, recruitment of expert opinions, and consensus among KSION board members. This version of the guidelines was fully approved by the KSION, Korean Association of EMG Electrodiagnostic Medicine, the Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine, and the Korean Neurological Association.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Intraoperative Monitoring of Sensory Evoked Potentials in Neurosurgery: A Personalized Approach Evgeny A. Levin Journal of Personalized Medicine.2025; 15(1): 26. CrossRef
Role of Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Pediatric Tethered Cord Syndrome Surgeries and Technical Insights Wael Abd Elrahman Ali Elmesallamy, Alshaimaa Abdel Fattah Kamel, Ahmad Fahmy, Mohamed Elbana, Mahmoud M. Taha Indian Journal of Neurosurgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A multichannel electromyography dataset for continuous intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of cranial nerve Wanting Ma, Lin Chen, Xiaofan Pang, Yuanwen Zou Data in Brief.2024; 53: 110250. CrossRef
Intraoperative neuromonitoring in intracranial surgery G.B. Adkins, A. Mirallave Pescador, A.H. Koht, S.P. Gosavi BJA Education.2024; 24(5): 173. CrossRef
Neurophysiological monitoring during endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations: A meta-analysis Francesco Diana, Michele Romoli, Federico Sabuzi, Aymeric Rouchaud, Charbel Mounayer, Géraud Forestier, Alejandro Tomasello, Manuel Requena, David Hernández, Marta De Dios Lascuevas, José Luis Cuevas, Simone Peschillo, Jildaz Caroff, Thanh N. Nguyen, Moha Interventional Neuroradiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during the surgeries
for the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament Seol-Hee Baek Journal of Intraoperative Neurophysiology.2022; 4(2): 55. CrossRef
Hemodynamic Consideration in Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Neuromuscular Scoliosis Surgery Seok Young Chung, Chae Hwan Lim, Yoon Ghil Park, Hak Sun Kim, Dawoon Kim, Jinyoung Park Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2022; 46(6): 292. CrossRef
Undetected abulic state after anterior communicating artery aneurysm
surgery under motor evoked potential (MEP) and somatosensory evoked potential
(SEP) monitoring Hyesun Lee, Jinseok Park Journal of Intraoperative Neurophysiology.2022; 4(2): 78. CrossRef
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in pituitary adenoma
surgery: case report Hyun-Wook Nam, Seol-Hee Baek Journal of Intraoperative Neurophysiology.2021; 3(2): 108. CrossRef
JeeEun Kim, Jin Myoung Seok, Suk-Won Ahn, Byung-Nam Yoon, Young-Min Lim, Kwang-Kuk Kim, Ki-Han Kwon, Kee Duk Park, Bum Chun Suh, behalf of the Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology Education Committee
Ann Clin Neurophysiol 2019;21(1):7-15. Published online January 29, 2019
Clinical evaluations, nerve conduction studies, and electromyography play major complementary roles in electrophysiologic diagnoses. Electromyography can be used to assess pathologic changes and localize lesions occurring in locations ranging from motor units to anterior-horn cells. Successfully performing electromyography requires knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the peripheral nervous system as well as sufficient skill and interpretation ability. Electromyography techniques include acquiring data from visual/auditory signals and performing needle positioning, semiquantitation, and interpretation. Here we introduce the basic concepts of electromyography to guide clinicians in performing electromyography appropriately.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Artificial intelligence for automatic classification of needle EMG signals: A scoping review S. de Jonge, W.V. Potters, C. Verhamme Clinical Neurophysiology.2024; 159: 41. CrossRef
Flexible Electrode by Hydrographic Printing for Surface Electromyography Monitoring Xiong Zeng, Ying Dong, Xiaohao Wang Materials.2020; 13(10): 2339. CrossRef
Suk-Won Ahn, Byung-Nam Yoon, Jee-Eun Kim, Jin Myoung Seok, Kwang-Kuk Kim, Young Min Lim, Ki-Han Kwon, Kee Duk Park, Bum Chun Suh, on behalf of the Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology Education Committee
Ann Clin Neurophysiol 2018;20(2):71-78. Published online July 31, 2018
Nerve conduction study (NCS) is an electrophysiological tool to assess the overall function of cranial and peripheral nervous system, therefore NCS has been diagnostically helpful in the identification and characterization of disorders involving nerve roots, peripheral nerves, muscle and neuromuscular junction, and are frequently accompanied by a needle Electromyography. Furthermore, NCS could provide valuable quantitative and qualitative results into neuromuscular function. Usually, motor, sensory, or mixed nerve studies can be performed with using NCS, stimulating the nerves with the recording electrodes placed over a distal muscle, a cutaneous sensory nerve, or the entire mixed nerve, respectively. And these findings of motor, sensory, and mixed nerve studies often show different and distinct patterns of specific abnormalities indicating the neuromuscular disorders. The purpose of this special article is to review the neurophysiologic usefulness of NCS, to outline the technical factors associated with the performance of NCS, and to demonstrate characteristic NCS changes in the setting of various neuromuscular conditions.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Confirmation of epidural anesthesia with bupivakain in cats by ınfrared thermographic ımaging and SEP Muammer Ayberk Kara, Özlem Şengöz Şirin Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi.2025; 72(2): 165. CrossRef
The Use of Nerve Conduction Study to Evaluate the Effects of Frozen Sock Treatment on Docetaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Prospective Clinical Trial Eun-Young Kim, Mi-Yeon Lee, Bum-Chun Suh Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(3): 864. CrossRef
Pmp2+ Schwann Cells Maintain the Survival of Large-Caliber Motor Axons Mikolaj M. Kozlowski, Amy Strickland, Ana Morales Benitez, Robert E. Schmidt, A. Joseph Bloom, Jeffrey Milbrandt, Aaron DiAntonio The Journal of Neuroscience.2025; 45(13): e1362242025. CrossRef
Volume loss during muscle reinnervation surgery is correlated with reduced CMAP amplitude but not reduced force output in a rat hindlimb model Alexis L. Lowe, Maria V. Rivera Santana, Taylor Bopp, Kiara N. Quinn, Johnnie Johnson, Christopher Ward, Tae Hwan Chung, Sami Tuffaha, Nitish V. Thakor Frontiers in Physiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A combined functional dorsal nerve model of the foot Muhammad Z. Ul Haque, Peng Du, Leo K. Cheng Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering.2022; 19(9): 9321. CrossRef
Anatomical considerations for obturator nerve block with fascia iliaca compartment block Thomas Fichtner Bendtsen, Erik Morre Pedersen, Bernhard Moriggl, Peter Hebbard, Jason Ivanusic, Jens Børglum, Thomas Dahl Nielsen, Philip Peng Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.2021; 46(9): 806. CrossRef
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using a Nerve Conduit with Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in a Rat Model Jong-Yoon Lee, Young-Ho Kim, Boo-Young Kim, Dae-Hyun Jang, Sung-Wook Choi, So-Hyun Joen, Hyungyun Kim, Sang-Uk Lee Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.2021; 18(3): 453. CrossRef
Protective Effects of Oxytocin and Progesterone on Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathy in Rats Mehmet Ekici, Muharrem Balkaya1 Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology.2021; 38(4): 262. CrossRef
Byung-Nam Yoon, Suk-Won Ahn, Jee-Eun Kim, Jin Myoung Seok, Kwang-Kuk Kim, Ki-Han Kwon, Kee Duk Park, Bum Chun Suh, Young Min Lim, on behalf of the Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology Education Committee
Ann Clin Neurophysiol 2018;20(2):66-70. Published online July 31, 2018
Electrodiagnostic studies such as nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography (EMG) provide important and complementary information for evaluating patients with suspected neuromuscular disorders. NCS and needle EMG are reasonably safe diagnostic investigations and are generally associated with only mild transient discomfort when performed by experienced physicians. However, there is the risk of complications in some patients, because NCS involve the administration of electric current and EMG involves inserting a needle percutaneously into muscle tissue. This article reviews the potential risks of NCS and needle EMG.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Bioelectric medicine: unveiling the therapeutic potential of micro-current stimulation Hana Lee, Seungkwan Cho, Doyong Kim, Taehyun Lee, Han Sung Kim Biomedical Engineering Letters.2024; 14(3): 367. CrossRef
Needle electromyography does not meaningfully impact findings in MR‐neurography/−myography Stefan Sondermann, Tobias Boppel, Katharina Fieseler, Peter Schramm, Tobias Bäumer, Peter Trillenberg Muscle & Nerve.2024; 69(4): 409. CrossRef
Evoked potentials (EPs) measures the electrophysiologic responses of the nervous system to variety of stimuli. In clinical practice, only a few are used on a routine basis. Because of the small amplitude of EPs recorded by noninvasive methods, computer summation or averaging generally is necessary to resolve them from background noise. Therefore, waveform acquisition under good condition according to standard method is important. We aimed to provide the standards for clinical EP equipment, technical consideration and minimal requirements for obtaining good clinical EP waveforms, and general criteria for writing EP reports in practice as Korean guidelines.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Prolonged Visual Evoked Potential Latencies in Dogs Naturally Infected with Canine Distemper Virus Mary Gutiérrez, Luis Delucchi, Alejandro Bielli, José Manuel Verdes Viruses.2024; 16(11): 1721. CrossRef
Prognostic value of brainstem auditory and visual evoked potentials in cardiac arrest patients with targeted temperature management Jee Yong Lim, Sang Hoon Oh, Kyu Nam Park, Seung Pill Choi, Joo Suk Oh, Chun Song Youn, Han Joon Kim, Hyo Joon Kim, Hwan Song Resuscitation.2021; 164: 12. CrossRef
Abnormality of multimodal evoked potentials in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) Edyta Dziadkowiak, Maria Ejma, Malgorzata Wieczorek, Pawel Pec, Krzysztof Slotwiński, Slawomir Budrewicz, Anna Zimny, Magdalena Koszewicz Neurological Sciences.2020; 41(9): 2495. CrossRef
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are frequently used to assess the anterior and posterior visual pathways. In particular, the use of VEPs have been increasing in various fields such as evaluation of the optic nerves in patients with multiple sclerosis. The performance of VEP test can be affected by various factors such as stimulus type and subject condition, and its interpretation is also difficult. However, there have been no guidelines for performing and interpreting VEPs in Korea. Therefore, we aimed to provide comprehensive information regarding basic requirement and interpretation for VEPs.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Analysis of visual evoked potentials in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: new concepts Jasna Jancic, Nikola Zarkovic, Blazo Nikolic, Nikola Ivancevic, Branislav Rovcanin, Dejan Nesic Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Usefulness of visual evoked potential monitoring during
transsphenoidal surgery: a case report Jeong Hwa Rho, Seol-Hee Baek Journal of Intraoperative Neurophysiology.2019; 1(1): 32. CrossRef
Electroencephalography (EEG) is frequently used to assist the diagnosis of brain death. However, to date there have been no guidelines in terms of EEG criteria for determining brain death in Korea, despite EEG being mandatory. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the evidence and controversies with regarding to the utilization of EEG for determining brain death and to serve as a cornerstone for the development of future guidelines. To determine brain death, electrocerebral inactivity (ECI) should be demonstrated on EEG at a sensitivity of 2 μV/mm using double-distance electrodes spaced 10 centimeters or more apart from each other for at least 30 minutes, with intense somatosensory or audiovisual stimuli. ECI should be also verified by checking the integrity of the system. Additional monitoring is needed if extracerebral potentials cannot be eliminated. Interpreting EEG at high sensitivities, which is required for the diagnosis of brain death, can pose a diagnostic challenge. Furthermore, EEG is affected by physiologic variables and drugs. However, no consensus exists as to the minimal requirements for blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body temperature during the EEG recording itself, the minimal time for observation after the brain injury or rewarming from hypothermia, and how to determine brain death when the findings of ECI is equivocal. Therefore, there is a strong need to establish detailed guidelines for performing EEG to determine brain death.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
3D EEG and Clinical Evidence of Brain Dying. Preliminary Report M. Drobný, B. Drobná Sániová, S. Učňová, G. Sobolová, R. Koyš, C. Machado, Ya. Machado General Reanimatology.2023; 19(1): 34. CrossRef
Brain Death and Its Prediction in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Treated with Targeted Temperature Management Hwan Song, Sang Hoon Oh, Hye Rim Woo Diagnostics.2022; 12(5): 1190. CrossRef
MRI of the brain, CT of the chest and abdomen on the 1st and 7th day after a clinical death (clinical case, literature review) T. N. Trofimova, A. D. Khalikov, S. N. Pirgulov Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy.2021; 12(3): 101. CrossRef
Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria David M. Greer, Sam D. Shemie, Ariane Lewis, Sylvia Torrance, Panayiotis Varelas, Fernando D. Goldenberg, James L. Bernat, Michael Souter, Mehmet Akif Topcuoglu, Anne W. Alexandrov, Marie Baldisseri, Thomas Bleck, Giuseppe Citerio, Rosanne Dawson, Arnold JAMA.2020; 324(11): 1078. CrossRef
A Hybrid System for Distinguishing between Brain Death and Coma Using Diverse EEG Features Li Zhu, Gaochao Cui, Jianting Cao, Andrzej Cichocki, Jianhai Zhang, Changle Zhou Sensors.2019; 19(6): 1342. CrossRef
Dae Lim Koo, Won-Joo Kim, Sang-Ahm Lee, Jae Moon Kim, Juhan Kim, Soochul Park, on behalf of the Korean Society of Clinical Neurophysiology Education Committee
Ann Clin Neurophysiol 2017;19(2):113-117. Published online July 24, 2017
The performance of electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings is affected by electrode type, electronic parameters such as filtering, amplification, signal conversion, data storage; and environmental conditions. However, no single method has been identified for optimal EEG recording quality in all situations. Therefore, we aimed to provide general principles for EEG electrode selection as well as electronic noise reduction, and to present comprehensive information regarding the acquisition of satisfactory EEG signals. The standards provided in this document may be regarded as Korean guidelines for the clinical recording of EEG data. The equipment, types and nomenclature of electrodes, and the details for EEG recording are discussed.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Basics of Electroencephalography for Neuropsychiatrist Hun Jeong Eun Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2019; 58(2): 76. CrossRef
First
Prev
