Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with several cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms are not completely understood. The measure of common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) has been extensively used as an early marker of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that early signs of atherosclerosis are present in patients with OSA and correlate with OSA severity Methods: Eleven male patients with OSA were studied by using full standard overnight polysomnography and high-definition echo-tracking device to measure intima-media thickness and carotid artery diameter. Eight healthy volunteers matched for age and sex were studied by portable respiratory monitoring device. All participants were free of hypertension, diabetes, and were not on any medications. Patients with OSA were naive to treatment. Results: All patients and normal controls were male. There was no significant difference of age between patients and controls (48.4

A 20-year-old man with bilateral medial medullary infarction showed transition of bowtie and upbeat nystagmus intohemi-seesaw nystagmus. Follow-up MRI revealed near complete resolution of the right medullary lesion. This transitionof nystagmus suggests that the upbeat nystagmus was generated by bilateral lesions in the ascending pathways fromboth anterior semicircular canals (SCC), and that the hemi-seesaw nystagmus was caused by damage to the pathwayfrom the left anterior SCC.